Introduction of Sub-Languages in SQL

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Introduction to Sub-Languages in SQL

SQL (Structured Query Language) is the standard language used to interact with databases — to store, retrieve, and manage data efficiently. To make it easier to perform different types of operations, SQL is divided into sub-languages, each serving a specific purpose.

These sub-languages define how users communicate with the database — whether they are creating structures, manipulating data, controlling access, or retrieving information.

The main five sub-languages of SQL are:

🔹 DDL (Data Definition Language): Used to define and manage database structures such as tables, schemas, and indexes. (Examples: CREATE, ALTER, DROP)

🔹 DML (Data Manipulation Language): Used to manipulate and modify data stored in tables. (Examples: INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE)

🔹 DQL (Data Query Language): Used to retrieve data from the database for analysis or reporting. (Example: SELECT)

🔹 DCL (Data Control Language): Used to control access and permissions for users in the database. (Examples: GRANT, REVOKE)

🔹 TCL (Transaction Control Language): Used to manage database transactions and maintain data integrity. (Examples: COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT)

Together, these sub-languages make SQL a complete and powerful tool for handling all aspects of data — from creation to security and analysis.

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